Rochelle Rainey and Sharon Murray of USAID selected reports as resources for the Panama Water Training Workshop. Below are links, by category, to these key publications on water, sanitation and hygiene.
The reports are in pdf format unless specified otherwise and the categories are:
2008 Water for the Poor Report
- Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act: 2008 Report to Congress, June 2008.
The U.S. Department of State released the 2008 Report to Congress describing U.S. government efforts to expand access to safe drinking water and sanitation, improve water resources management and increase water productivity in developing countries.
This report is required by Section 6 of the Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005. The Act makes the provision of safe water and sanitation services in developing countries a component of U.S. foreign assistance. It requires the Secretary of State, in consultation with USAID, to develop and implement a strategy to support this goal within the context of sound water resource management.
Community-Led Total Sanitation
- Community-Led Total Sanitation in Rural Areas: An Approach that Works. (2007). D Sanan & SG Moulik. Washington DC: Water and Sanitation Program.
At the heart of the CLTS approach is a shift away from the provision of subsidy-led toilets for individual households and emphasizing not merely behavior change by individuals in general but of an entire collective, to achieve 'open defecation-free' villages. The objective is to reduce incidence of diseases related to poor sanitation and manage the public risks—posed by the failure to safely confine the excreta of some individuals—at the community level.
- Practical Guide to Community-Led Total Sanitation. (2005). K Kar. Institute of Development Studies.
This is a promising approach specifically for moving villages along the spectrum of widely practiced open defecation to almost universal safe disposal of feces with no external subsidies for latrine construction.
Economic Impacts/Financing
- Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Southeast Asia - G Hutton. Washington DC: Water and Sanitation Program.
This study examines the major health, water, environmental, tourism and other welfare impacts associated with poor sanitation in the four countries. By examining the economic impacts of poor sanitation, and the potential gains from improved sanitation, this study provides important evidence to support the need for sanitation investments. The $US 9 billion loss to sanitation is approximately 2% of the four countries’ combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP), varying from 1.3% in the Philippines and Vietnam, to 2.3% in Indonesia and 7.2% in Cambodia. The annual economic impact is approximately US$6.3 billion in Indonesia, US$1.4 billion in the Philippines, US$780 million in Vietnam and US$450 million in Cambodia. Investing in improved sanitation toward universal coverage would lead to an annual gain of US$6.3 billion in the four countries.
- Think Local, Act Local: Effective Financing of Local Governments to Provide Water and Sanitation Services. (2008). L Hucks. London: WaterAid.
Finance for water supply and sanitation is not
reaching local authorities charged with providing
services. This report maps out the key blockages
and systemic weaknesses that need to be
addressed in order to move the water and
sanitation sector forward.
Environmental Compliance
Handwashing
Health-HIV/AIDS and WaSH
- HIV/AIDS and water supply, sanitation and hygiene. 2003. WELL Fact Sheet.
- The HIV / AIDS Millennium Development Goal; What water, sanitation and hygiene can do. 2004. WELL Briefing Note 5.
- Preventing Diarrheal Disease in Developing Countries: Interventions to Reduce Diarrheal Disease. (2008). CDC/Safewater. Atlanta, GA: CDC/Safewater.
Water and sanitation interventions to reduce diarrheal disease incidence in developing countries fall into four
general categories: water provision, household water treatment, handwashing promotion, and sanitation.
- Programming Guidance for Integrating Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Improvement into HIV/AIDS Programs. (2008). HIP. Washington DC: USAID Hygiene Improvement Project.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight discrete water,
sanitation, and hygiene improvement activities that can
be incorporated into HIV/AIDS programs in different
settings to help mitigate the impact of diarrhea on
People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and their families.
- Safer Water, Better Health. (2008). Prüss-Üstün; et al. Geneva: World Health Organization.
The first report to depict country-by-country estimates of the burden of disease due to water, sanitation and hygiene highlights how much disease could be prevented through increased access to safe water and better hygiene.
This comprehensive overview provides the epidemiological evidence and economic arguments for fully integrating water, sanitation and hygiene in countries' disease reduction strategies -- a pre-requisite to achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
Hygiene Improvement/Promotion
- Web Pages
- Assessing Hygiene Improvement: Guidelines for Household and Community Levels. (2004). E Kleinau and D Pyle. Arlington, VA: USAID Environmental Health Project.
The Guidelines provide access to information
about appropriate indicators and data collection instruments that are necessary to evaluate water
supply, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. The guidelines describe 66 indicators and propose
approximately 360 model survey questions for measuring hygiene improvement at the household and community levels and at institutions such as schools and
health facilities.
- Developing a Hygiene Promotion Program: Summary of Assistance to SANRU III in the Democratic Republic of Congo. by Fred Rosensweig, Ian Moise. Environmental Health Project, July 2004.
EHP developed a hygiene promotion program within the context of SANRU’s broader C-IMCI effort, assisting in the development of hygiene behavior change strategies at scale and creating the capacity to implement the strategy in ten pilot health zones serving 375,000 people. The capacity-building efforts included the training of ten zonal level C-IMCI teams consisting of three people: the chief medical person, the zonal water supply and sanitation coordinator, and the primary health care supervisor. The training focused on the overall C-IMCI strategy, hygiene behavior change strategy and techniques, and training methodologies. EHP and SANRU staff developed a training guide that the zonal teams used to train health center staff. In addition to training, other capacity-building activities included the development of a monitoring and evaluation system, establishing linkages to the Ministry of Health’s (MOH) national strategy for hygiene, and the development of a strong capability within SANRU itself to implement this program at scale.
- Guidelines for assessing cost-effectiveness of hygiene promotion, 2006. WELL Briefing Note 24.
- The Hygiene Improvement Framework: A Comprehensive Approach for Preventing Childhood Diarrhea. (2004). EHP; et al. Arlington, VA: USAID Environmental Health Project.
This report is a progress report on the state of the struggle against diarrhea. It describes the incidence and impact of diarrhea on children, families, examines the achievements and limitations of efforts to fight diarrhea, establishes the case for a renewed emphasis on prevention through hygiene
improvement and presents the Hygiene Improvement Framework, a comprehensive,
three-pronged approach to preventing diarrhea at its source.
- A Manual on Hygiene Promotion: Towards Better Programming. (1999). UNICEF. New York: UNICEF. The manual describes a methodology for bottom-up programming for hygiene promotion:
first finding out what people know about hygiene through formative research in people’s
knowledge and practices, and then combining this with state-of-the-art expert knowledge
and appropriate communication strategies to develop effective and sustainable
programming models.
- Participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST): A new approach to working with communities. (1996). WHO. Geneva: World Health Organization.
PHAST is designed to promote hygiene behaviours, sanitation improvements and community management of water and sanitation facilities using specifically developed participatory techniques. This document describes the underlying principles of the approach, the development of the specific participatory tools, and the results of the field tests done in four African countries.
- Promoting Hygiene Behavior Change within C-IMCI: The Peru and Nicaragua Experience, by Michael Favin. Arlington, VA: USAID Environmental Health Project, October 2004.
In 2002, the joint Environmental Health Project/Pan American Health Organization (EHP/PAHO) Hygiene Behavior Change Project initiated projects in Peru and Nicaragua, to promote key hygiene behaviors within the programmatic framework of the Community Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (C-IMCI) strategy. Partner organizations in each country formed technical teams to carry out an intense process of training, formative research, strategy testing, development of communications materials, monitoring and evaluation.
- Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion: Programming Guidance. (2005). WHO; et al. Geneva: World Health Organization.
This document is about setting in place a process whereby people (women, children and men) effect and sustain a hygienic and healthy environment. It talks about developing a program for more effective investment in sanitation and hygiene promotion and lays out a process for long-term change which may include institutional change of the policy and organizational arrangements for provision of goods and services.
Sanitation/Social Marketing
- Web Pages - IRC: Sanitation - Links to IRC sanitation publications and other resources.
- The Case for Marketing Sanitation: Field Note. (2004). S. Cairncross. Washington DC: Water and Sanitation Program.
This field note explains the marketing approach and suggests that it should be promoted as a central
feature of sanitation improvement programs.
- Harnessing Market Power for Rural Sanitation: Field Note. (2005). J Frias & N. Mukherjee. Washington DC: Water and Sanitation Program.
In two Vietnam provinces, an international NGO developed a range of low-cost sanitation options and
stimulated a network of local masons to market and deliver them to the rural population. As a result, the
sanitation access rate increased markedly in the area, even among the poor. This Field Note outlines lessons
learned in the process of creating the demand for sanitation and meeting this demand locally.
- Opportunities for Sanitation Marketing in Uganda. (2007). HIP. Washington DC: USAID Hygiene Improvement Project.
This report concludes that sanitation marketing is both a viable and needed approach to increase sanitation uptake among rural households in Uganda. The assessment is based on an analysis of the policy environment, formative research, and local-level conditions concerning Uganda’s rural household sanitation sector.
Sanitation Policy
- Web Pages - IRC: Regional Programs - The aim of IRC's regional programme will be to contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal targets for the WASH sector.
- Guidelines for the Assessment of National Sanitation Policies. (2002). MF Elledge; et al. Arlington, VA: USAID/Environmental Health Project. The purpose of these guidelines is to provide a practical tool to assess the
effectiveness of sanitation policies in order to improve and expand sanitation services
for the underserved. The assessment aims to look at the adequacy of national
sanitation policies and is focused around four core questions: 1- What are the national sanitation policies? 2-How adequate are these policies? 3-How are these policies translated into programs? 4 How effective are these programs in improving services?
Water Suppy/Water Treatment
Water and Sanitation Sector Monitoring
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Panama - Water Training